Japanese hot springs, known as onsens, are an integral part of the country’s rich cultural heritage and one of the most cherished places for relaxation. These natural hot springs have become not only a symbol of the Zen lifestyle but also a popular destination for tourists from around the world. However, the rapid increase in the number of visitors has created a serious challenge for the sustainability of these valuable resources.

Tourism growth and declining water levels

Japan has about 27,000 natural hot springs, which are now facing challenges due to increased consumption and decreasing water levels. The city of Ureshino, located in the mountainous Saga prefecture, has become a symbol of this problem. Once popular among domestic tourists, the city is now increasingly in the spotlight for international visitors. Many come to Japan specifically for unique onsen experiences, leading to a significant increase in water usage.

Last year, the water level in Ureshino dropped to a record low of 39.6 meters, a 20% decrease compared to the level in 2019. While local authorities claim that the spring is still sustainable. They have appealed to hotels and ryokan establishments to take measures to limit water usage, particularly during late-night hours when private baths are often in use.

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Private onsens – popularity and consequences

Private onsens, which are particularly popular among foreign tourists, account for a significant portion of onsen water consumption. Shared baths, which require visitors to be nude, are not appealing to many international guests. As a result, they often choose private options, which can be significantly more expensive.

This trend, while profitable for hotels, puts additional pressure on the springs. The demand for private baths creates extra need for water extraction, further straining existing systems. The consequences of excessive consumption are already being felt in popular onsen regions. That’s why local authorities must find a way to balance tourist interests with the need to preserve natural resources.

Challenges in maintaining traditional onsens

In addition to tourism, outdated infrastructure and old water extraction systems also affect water supply. Many onsen towns face challenges in maintaining their water distribution systems. That is leading to avoidable losses that could be prevented with infrastructure modernization.

Japanese regulations that define what constitutes a true onsen (water that must be thermal in nature and reach a specific temperature) ensure that these locations continue to be treated as cultural treasures. However, to preserve these values, it is important to recognize and address the challenges posed by excessive tourism.

Looking toward the future

While Japan continues to enjoy a record number of visitors, tourism is placing increasing pressure on the sustainability of cultural and natural resources. With 36.8 million foreign visitors last year, the pressure on onsens throughout the country is only growing. As crowds become more frequent, many onsen towns are facing more severe problems. Not only in terms of water consumption but also in preserving the traditions and atmosphere that made them famous worldwide.

To successfully preserve this invaluable resource, strategic changes are needed, including controlling tourist flow, investing in infrastructure modernization, and promoting sustainable practices among visitors.

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